Why Is Abortion Legal in the United States

During the 1960s and early 1970s, U.S. states began to repeal their bans on abortion. In Roe v. Wade (1973), the U.S. Supreme Court stated that abortion bans were unconstitutional in every state, legalizing abortion throughout the United States. For those who believe that human personhood begins during the early stages of pregnancy, the Supreme Courts decision and the state law repeals that preceded it may seem horrific, cold, and barbaric. And it is very easy to find quotes from some pro-choicers who are completely unconcerned about the bioethical dimensions of even third-trimester abortions, or who have a callous disregard for the plight of women who do not want to have abortions  but are forced to do so for economic reasons. As we consider the issue of abortion—and all American voters, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, have an obligation to do so—one question dominates: Why is abortion legal in the first place? Personal Rights vs. Government Interests In the case of Roe v. Wade, the answer boils down to one of the personal rights versus legitimate government interests. The government has a legitimate interest in protecting the life of an embryo or fetus, but embryos and fetuses do not have rights themselves unless and until it can be determined that they are human persons. Women are, obviously, known human persons. They make up the majority of known human persons. Human persons have rights that an embryo or fetus does not have until its personhood can be established. For various reasons, the personhood of a fetus is generally understood to commence between 22 and 24 weeks. This is the point at which the neocortex develops, and it is also the earliest known point of viability—the point at which a fetus can be taken from the womb and, given the proper medical care, still have a meaningful chance of long-term survival. The government has a legitimate interest in protecting the potential rights of the fetus, but the fetus itself does not have rights prior to the viability threshold. So the central thrust of Roe v. Wade is this: Women have the right to make decisions about their own bodies. Fetuses, prior to viability, do not have rights. Therefore, until the fetus is old enough to have rights of its own, the womans decision to have an abortion takes precedence over the interests of the fetus. The specific right of a woman to make the decision to terminate her own pregnancy is generally classified as a privacy right implicit in the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments, but there are other constitutional reasons why a woman has the right to terminate her pregnancy. The Fourth Amendment, for example, specifies that citizens have the right to be secure in their persons; the Thirteenth specifies that {n}either slavery nor involuntary servitude ... shall exist in the United States. Even if the privacy right cited in Roe v. Wade were dismissed, there are numerous other constitutional arguments that imply a womans right to make decisions about her own reproductive process. If abortion were in fact homicide, then preventing homicide would constitute what the Supreme Court has historically called a compelling state interest—an objective so important that it overrides constitutional rights. The government may pass laws prohibiting death threats, for example, despite the First Amendments free speech protections. But abortion can only be homicide if a fetus is known to be a person, and fetuses are not known to be persons until the point of viability. In the unlikely event that the Supreme Court were to overturn Roe v. Wade (see What if Roe v. Wade Were Overturned?), it would most likely do so not by stating that fetuses are persons prior to the point of viability, but instead by stating that the Constitution does not imply a womans right to make decisions about her own reproductive system. This reasoning would allow states to not only ban abortions  but also to mandate abortions if they so chose. The state would be given absolute authority to determine whether or not a woman will carry her pregnancy to term. Would a Ban Prevent Abortions? There is also some question as to whether or not a ban on abortions would actually prevent abortions. Laws criminalizing the procedure generally apply to doctors, not to women, which means that even under state laws banning abortion as a medical procedure, women would be free to terminate their pregnancies through other means—usually by taking drugs that terminate pregnancies but are intended for other purposes. In Nicaragua, where abortion is illegal, the ulcer drug misoprostol is often used for this purpose. Its inexpensive, easy to transport and conceal, and terminates the pregnancy in a manner that resembles a miscarriage—and it is one of literally hundreds of options available to women who would terminate pregnancies illegally. These options are so effective that, according to a 2007 study by the World Health Organization, abortions are just as likely to occur in countries where abortion is illegal as they are to occur in countries where abortion is not. Unfortunately, these options are also substantially more dangerous than medically-supervised abortions—resulting in an estimated 80,000 accidental deaths each year. In short, abortion is legal for two reasons: Because women have the right to make decisions about their own reproductive systems, and because they have the power to exercise that right regardless of government policy.

Maus - 1385 Words

Analysis of Maus I and II by Art Spiegelman Maus, by Art Spiegelman, shows the trials and tribulations that the main character, Vladek, and his companions suffered during the Holocaust. No matter the situation, Vladek rises up to the challenge, and does the only thing he can do: live. For the Jewish people during that time surviving was a challenge and for those that actually survived was pure luck. Throughout Maus we find this survival in the portrayal of Vladek Spiegelman; father of the author. Vladek resourcefulness helps him survive because of his knowledge of different languages, skills to work on anything, and initiative to make trades with others allows him to survive the years that he was trap in the Holocaust. Vladek played†¦show more content†¦Before the war he worked in textiles, but he held many different jobs during the years of the war. After he was released as a prisoner of war, he traded clothes with Ilzecki (Maus I, 77). When that fell through, he started to trade gold, jewelry, and food (Maus I, 84-85). Also in Sosnowiec, he did some work in a German woodshop in order to get papers that said he worked (Maus I, 90-91). In Srodula, he worked in a shoe shop. In Auschwitz, he worked as both a tin man and a shoemaker (Maus II, 47, 61). As a tin man Vladek worked for a little time, but it was an opportunity to show that he could work on that because he just needed help on how to do it and after that he was able to do it right, this is demonstrated in the panels that Spiegelman presents on page 47 of Maus II. After a while, on page 60 of Maus II, he gets the job of the shoemaker because the last one was gone because the S.S wanted him for something. Also he proves that he has be en a shoemaker for a long time, more than being a tin man, because he proves to the Kapo that he can fix the shoes. And, after the war, he sold stockings in Sweden (Maus II, 125-126). The final aspect of Vladeks resourcefulness that helped him to survive the war was his ability to initiate trade with others. After Vladek’s family was caught hiding from the guards in Srodula, he bribed his cousin to help himself and Anja escape (Maus I, 114-115).Show MoreRelatedMaus1211 Words   |  5 Pages1. How does their story of survival compare to that of Primo Levi? 2. Why do you think Art Spiegelman draws the characters of his book as mice, cats, pig etc.? 3. Maus 4. What was Vladek like? 5. Vladek is an older person with a very prà ©cised in what he want and he son see this as being annoying. He feels you need to be aware of everything. He does not trust people specially his second wife Mala. He has hearth problems and he is diabetic. Sometime he used his sickness to his advantageRead MoreMaus and Persepolis1097 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis and Maus: Two Survivors and Their Stories. Of the many items that help enhance the horror of the Nazi Holocaust, one of the most notable is what it had of systematic and bureaucratic. Not only killing people, which would have had already been enough, but precisely being made in a quiet and civilized way. It is not strange the image of the Nazi leader quoting his favorite poet while sending to death hundreds of people, belying the myth that culture and education make people better. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Maus s Maus 1779 Words   |  8 PagesJosh Feldman English 101 Professor Macleod December 7th, 2014 Animalization and Identity in Maus Art Spiegelman utilizes animals as characters in Maus to great effect. His decision to use animals instead of people is an important one; by representing racial and national groups in a non-normative fashion, he focuses the reader’s attention on the concept of identity, a concept that is often times entirely taken for granted. Identity, and the process by which one’s identity may be formed, is multi-facetedRead MoreNight and Maus2669 Words   |  11 PagesComparison of Maus and Night The Holocaust was a traumatic event that most people can’t even wrap their minds around. Libraries are filled with books about the Holocaust because people are both fascinated and horrified to learn the details of what survivors went through. Maus by Art Spiegelman and Night by Elie Wiesel are two highly praised Holocaust books that illustrate the horrors of the Holocaust. Night is a traditional narrative that mainly focuses on Elie’s experiences throughout the holocaustRead MoreMaus : My Father Bleeds History And Maus1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe graphic novel Maus I: My Father Bleeds History and Maus II: And Here my Troubles Began, by Art Spiegelman was a story of the life depicting Spiegelman’s father, Vladek, during his plight through the holocaust. His son Art visits his father to get information to write his illustrative graphic novel showcasing the dynamic between different ethnicities during World War II. We are given a visual reenactment of Vladekâ€⠄¢s life from meeting his first wife, to losing a son, and to surviving the beastRead MoreMaus Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesArtie Spiegelman’s Graphic Novel Maus, he uses pictures to describe his father’s journey through the Holocaust. Vladek loses almost everything he loves his business, home, and most of his family. This tests his character throughout the story and ultimately results him being bitter towards life after. However the Holocaust forces Vladek to rely on inanimate objects to get him through this time. He confuses people and things as a sense of coinage. In the story Maus, Vladek’s ordeal through the holocaustRead MoreMaus Themes790 Words   |  4 Pageshow Spiegelman conveyed this in Maus: Loneliness; Discrimination; Abuse of Power; Loss of Innocence, Guilt, Survival. The graphic novel Maus by Art Spiegelman conveys many varied and powerful themes to the reader. Spiegelman has conveyed the themes Guilt and Survival by using various methods including narration, dialogue and several comic book techniques to show the expressions and feelings of the central characters. Guilt is an especially strong theme in Maus, appearing many times with Art andRead MoreMaus Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesMaus Paper Art Spiegelman’s Maus, is a unique way of looking at history. Through the use of comics, Spiegelman allows the reader to draw their own conclusions within the parameters of the panes of the comic. Unlike reading a textbook in which the author describes every detail about the subject matter, comics allow for the reader to draw their own conclusions from the information given to them. Also by reading a serious comic such as Maus, we are able to break away from Maus has an interestingRead MoreMaus Elements956 Words   |  4 PagesArt Spiegelman’s Maus is a famous, Pulitzer Prize winning tale about the journey of a Jewish Holocaust survivor. Despite the amount of similar storylines, Spiegelman’s creativity with the normal elements of comics has won him high praise. This analysis will focus on Spiegelman’s unique twist on icons, layouts, diegesis, abstraction, and encapsulation as displayed by Maus. Icons are pictures that are used to embody a person, place, thing, or idea. McCloud hammers this concept home by drawingRead MoreTransferal of Guilt in Maus1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe books Maus I and Maus II are biographical comic books written and illustrated by Art Spiegelman. In these books Spiegelman tells his father’s story of survival through the horrors of the Holocaust. Spiegelman simultaneously presents an inner story of the conflict between him and his father, Vladek Spiegelman as both he and his father try to come to terms with the past, and work to have a normal life. This feelings of tension and conflict suffered by Vladek and Art in Maus I and II is caused by

Accident Forgiveness in Automobile Insurance

Question: Describe about theAccident Forgiveness in Automobile Insurance. Answer: 1. Introduction:- Generally, if any auto-insurance policyholder gets engage in any kind of car accident, whether fully at-fault or partly at-fault, the insurance rate use to become higher following the accident. The Accident Forgiveness policy has been introduced to safeguard the interest of the policyholders in such incidents. It provides the assurance that the insurance rates will remain same after the accident at-fault. Mostly, the policy is applicable only for the first at-fault accidents. Normally, the insurance companies provide this policy in the car insurance policies. Sometimes, the policyholders can buy the policy additionally to the auto insurance. The research has described that though it is an important clause in the auto insurance policy, most of the time, the description is not used to be mentioned properly in the policies and hence, meticulously worked on the points that should be included in the policies regarding the disclosure of accident forgiveness features. Background of the Research:- For the last few years, accident forgiveness is being the most highlighted features in the insurance sectors. Most of major insurance companies have included the feature in its car insurance policies and used it for the advertisement campaigns to attract more policyholders. The companies are also providing different lucrative terms in accordance to the feature. It has been observed that many of the policyholders are using this feature and the competition amongst the insurance companies for their own benefits. As the clause of accident forgiveness is applicable for the first time accident, many policyholders use to change the insurance companies after committing any accident to enjoy the privilege of the clause for several times. The insurance companies are getting very much concerned about such malpractices. Therefore, many researchers are working on the issue to find out the suitable solution to prevent the malpractices, as well as, to increase the loyalty of the policyholders towar ds the individual insurance providers. Significance of the Research:- As discussed earlier, the accident forgiveness feature is more highlighted on the billboards by the insurance companies, rather than giving more focus on the contents of the clause. The insurance contracts do not contain any detail norms and regulation about the feature. Many people use this loophole as an advantage. In this research, the main importance is given on an optimized policy contract that will include the specific norms related to the accident forgiveness so that policyholders will not get any scope to avoid the related consequences for multiple accidents just by switching the insurance providers one after another. The research will be able to provide proper guidelines to the insurance companies in this regard. Apart from that, it has also focused on the effective promotional strategies by which the insurance companies can retain the risk-averse policyholders as well as attract the risk-free clients (Berdoulat et al., 2013). Overall Problem:- From the present scenario of the insurance industry, it is very clear that the insurance companies are suffering from the diverse effect of excessive competition. Even a careful skilled driver can also cause an accident. Hence, the concept accident forgiveness was developed to save such drivers from the rate growth due to accidents for single time and provide them a chance to maintain the same insurance rate. But, the insurance companies have used it for attracting more customers. Now the customers are using the benefit for their own interest and capitalizing the rivalry in the insurance industry. The companies are now very much unable to sustain a steady client list. Moreover, many of the policyholders have become more careless while driving as they have now found the solution to avoid the rate increase due to multiple accidents. For these reasons, the insurance industry requires a permanent strategy which will be able to block the disadvantages of accident forgiveness and prevent the policyholders to enjoy the unethical benefits of the policy. The solution cannot be ascertained by joint meetings and planning. The insurance companies should have to collect the information of the clients, from different groups in respect to the age, gender, income, profession etc. and have to analyze the information to understand their psychology. Then only, they will be able to come into a solid conclusion. This is a typical job for the researchers and should be carried out by following a suitable research methodology. Broad Aspect of the Research:- The research will provide permanent solution of the present issue, faced by most of the insurance providers. It will be able to stop the unethical practices of the customers also. Personal Motivation:- I have been planning to join in the customer related service sector and insurance is one of my most preferred industry. The research will help me understand the activities of the insurance industry in more detail. Moreover, if I join in an insurance company, the research result will help me to earn a respected position in the company also. Apart from that, if my employer company face any same kind issues in future, I can provide my assistance to them with the experience, which I have gained from this research work. 2. Problem Statement and Justification Problem Statement:- The main problem, on which the research is based on, is the unavailability of any uniform policy regarding the accident forgiveness clause in the auto insurance policy contract. Justification of the Research:- The issue should be solved to stop the malpractice of the policyholders, who are taking unethical advantages of the accident forgiveness policy. Deliverables of the Research:- The main deliverable, which can be achieved at the end of the research, is the proper description of the accident forgiveness policy and the set of general uniform norms regulations, which should be maintained by the insurance industries on a whole. Research Type:- The research topic is related to the behavioral pattern of certain policyholders in relation to the certain insurance policy. Hence, this research is worked out as per the behavioral research pattern. Delimits:- The research is conducted for deriving appropriate norms, which can cover the loopholes of accident forgiveness policy. The purpose of the research is to provide a better solution, which can be enjoyed by both the insurance providers and policyholders,. The purpose does not include any intention to make the policy stiffer, which may cause suffering for the policyholders (Sloan et al. 2014). 3. Literature Review This segment of the report describes the accident forgiveness and its misapplication by many policyholders. The researcher has given focus on the actual objective of accident forgiveness and how it has been mistreated in reality. By going through the history of the insurance, it may be stated that the policy of increasing insurance rate for accidents was established as many of the policyholders were intentionally causing accidents so that they could use the insurance coverage for earning gains or replacing old vehicles with new ones (Brandmaier, et al., 2014). To stop such practices, all the insurance companies jointly decided to increase the rates after any at-fault accidents. This policy helped to such malpractices, but, on the other hand, the policyholders, who never follow such malpractices, had to suffer significantly. Accident should always be avoidable, but, it is a fact the safe drivers also might cause an accident (Husni et al., 2014). In that case, though they have done it without any wrong intentions, they have to bear the penalty in terms of high insurance rates from the next periods. It created diverse effect on the normal insurance policyholders. If, they met an accident they began to switch insurance providers. Moreover, the new policy could not stop the malpractices for which it was started though it was able to decrease the amount of such events. Hence, to facilitate the normal policyholders, the insurance companies started the accident forgiveness policy. But again due to the high competitiveness in the insurance market, many people is utilizing the policy for their own personal gains. The researcher are trying to final solution so that this kind of malpractices can be stopped forever (Nicoletti, 2016). Main Focus of the Research:- Many of the researcher depicts that the main reason for such misapplication of the policy is caused due to the cut and throat competition amongst the various insurance providers. Whenever, any policyholder met an accident, they use to find alternative insurance providers for new agreements. The rival companies, on the other hand, to increase its client list and beat the competitors in term of revenue, does not mind to offer a new agreement to such policyholders. Hence, every time the policyholders meet an agreement, they replace the existing insurance company with a new one. It was noticed in few cases that after shifting the companies for several times, the policyholder had make new agreement with the company, with whom he had made the first contract and the company had also agreed to go for new agreement with such client (Luz, 2015). The competitiveness may have helped the unethical policyholders, but the actual problem lies within the concept of the policy itself (Collins Smith, 2016). If all the companies apply a general set of norms for the policy and maintain it strictly then policyholders will not have scope to misuse the policy (Avraham, 2012). Moreover, if the companies maintain a common database for the accident details of the insured cars, then whenever any policyholder will try to shift the insurance provide after any accident, the company will get the information about the last accident and will charge the increased rate accordingly (Oldham et al.,2014). Literature Review:- Researchers have conducted research on various aspects of auto insurance. It has provided significant support to the present research. These research works are used as the sources for different theoretical information, which has helped to draft the general norms for accident forgiveness. Risk Factor:- The success rate of auto insurance should be ascertained on the basis of the risk factors. According to Liu (2015), the policyholders select the insurance policies as per their personal risk analysis. The decision-making process, related to insurance selection, depends on the degree of risk- aversion of the individual client. Reward Policy:- The insurance companies have included reward policies in auto insurance contracts to lesser the accident rates. They are providing monetary reward or cut-off in insurance rates if the car owners do not meet any accident within a given period. It has helped to turn the risk-free clients into steady policyholders (Lemaire, 2012). Type of Accident Forgiveness Policies:- As mentioned above, there are different accident forgiveness policies. Some are purchasable separately apart from the auto insurance policy, whereas, some are provided by the insurers in addition to the main contract. Summary:- By analyzing the literature review, it is very much clear that the most of the researchers have focused on the effect of accident forgiveness clause. The research works do not include any its application by the policyholders. Hence, the issue of this research has not been analyzed deeply. This is the main reason that there is no solution, found for this issue still now (Jaspersen, 2015). 4. Proposed Solution Approach Study Design:- The suitable study design for this research is Behavioral Research Design. Behavioral Research Design is the study design, which uses to set the structure of research for evaluating the information and finding the solution by analyzing the results of the measurement process (Babbie, 2015). The following chart is presented to describe the structure of the design:- The above structure exhibits how the research work will be executed and what result can be deduced from the research. Expectation from the Research:- As the chart shows, the very first step to start any research work is to set the objective or goal of the research. In this case, the main expectation of the research is derive an uniform and permanent solution of the problems, created for the improper application of Accident Forgiveness clause in the Auto Insurance policy (Tesch, 2013). Process of Research:- The next step of research design is the execution of research. For this part of research, the researcher should select an appropriate research methodology, that suits with the nature of the research. Many research techniques are there for conducting research works. Amongst them, Qualitative Research Methodology is the most suitable process for the present research (Stangor, 2014). Process of Deducing the Result:- The final step of the research is to summarize the information, derived from the research and to draw the conclusion from the information. The researcher use to analyze the information and deduce the result from the net outcome of the information or by putting his own knowledge and experience (Brown, 2015). Research Planning:- For executing the research work as per the research methodology, the researcher should maintain proper planning (Marshall Rossman,2014). The planning includes various procedures for each step of research. As discussed earlier, the research work is being executed by applying Qualitative Research process. Qualitative Research Process:- Qualitative research process can be defined as the research procedure where the researcher use to collect information on specific object, analyze the gathered information inductively, gives focus on the purpose of the research and explains the suitable process which is significant and convincing in language (Taylor et al., 2015). Steps of Qualitative Research Process:- The steps of the qualitative research process, applicable for the present research work is described in the following table (Creswell, 2015):- 5. Proposed Work Plan Proposed work plan can be referred as the time schedule for the research work. It helps the researcher to complete the research work within the scheduled time-period (Kerzner, 2013). By the proposed work plan, researcher can be able to ascertain the completion period of the research work. If any delay occurs, the researcher can also get an idea about on, which step the extra time was consumed, from the proposed work plan. The proposed work plan for the present research work is presented in the following Gant Chart (Liu et al., 2014):- Research Activities 23/5/16 1/6/2016 15/6/16 15/7/16 5/8/2016 26/8/16 Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Research topic selection Collection of Secondary data Layout making procedure Review of Literature Proposed Research plan Selection of research technique Primary data collection Analysis of data Finding of data conclusion Rough draft Research work submission 6. Conclusion There are many factors, which should be considered for the further analysis of the topic. The issues related to accident forgiveness clause can be solved by proper implementation of appropriate norms, but for that all the insurance companies have to give joint efforts and the maintain the norms strictly as the other insurance policies. Reference List:- Avraham, R. (2012). Economics of Insurance Law-A Primer, The.Conn. Ins. LJ,19, 29 Babbie, E. (2015).The practice of social research. Nelson Education Berdoulat, E., Vavassori, D., Sastre, M. T. M. (2013). Driving anger, emotional and instrumental aggressiveness, and impulsiveness in the prediction of aggressive and transgressive driving.Accident Analysis Prevention,50, 758-767 Brandmaier, J. A., Faga, M. E., Johnson, R. H., Ramirez, P. P., Stricker, K. M., Campbell, J. E. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,712,893. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Brown, T. A. (2015).Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications Collins, D. M., Smith, B. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 20,160,086,393. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Enhanced Pearson eText with Loose-Leaf Version--Access Card Package.Pearson Education, Inc Husni, A. B. M., Omar, A. F., Alias, M. N., Samuri, M. A. A. (2014). Role of Insurance in Place of Aqilah in Paying Blood Money Resulting from Accidents: An Analytical Study.The Social Sciences,9(1), 58-64 Jaspersen, J. G. (2015). Hypothetical Surveys and Experimental Studies of Insurance Demand: A Review.Journal of Risk and Insurance Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons Lemaire, J. (2012).Bonus-malus systems in automobile insurance(Vol. 19). Springer science business media Liu, F. (2015). Accident Forgiveness in the Automobile Insurance Contract.International Journal of Economics and Finance,7(3), p68 Liu, Y. C., Gao, H. M., Yang, S. M., Chuang, C. Y. (2014, July). Application of Genetic Algorithm and Fuzzy Gantt Chart to Project Scheduling with Resource Constraints. InICIC (2)(pp. 241-252) Luz, V. F. (2015).Dynamic competitive insurance. Discussion paper, University of British Columbia Nicoletti, B. (2016). Innovation in Insurance. InDigital Insurance(pp. 6-46). Palgrave Macmillan UK Oldham, C., Hobart, M. F., Krieter, D., Porras, J., Herrmann, J. R., Wojcik, J. P. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,719,135. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Sloan, F. A., Robinson, P. A., Eldred, L. M. (2014).Does Private Information Influence Automobile Insurance Purchase Decisions?(No. w20679). National Bureau of Economic Research Stangor, C. (2014).Research methods for the behavioral sciences. Nelson Education Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons Tesch, R. (2013).Qualitative research: Analysis types and software. Routledge